foreign policy article on 4 minutes nuclear time

Throughout Putin’s time in office, Moscow has pursued a policy toward Ukraine and Belarus predicated on the assumption that their respective national identities are artificial-and therefore fragile. The corollary to that view is the claim that distinct Ukrainian and Belarusian identities are the product of foreign manipulation and that, today, the West is following in the footsteps of Russia’s imperial rivals in using Ukraine (and Belarus) as part of an “ anti-Russia project.”

It reflected a worldview Putin had long expressed, emphasizing the deep-seated unity among the Eastern Slavs-Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians, who all trace their origins to the medieval Kyivan Rus commonwealth-and suggesting that the modern states of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus should share a political destiny both today and in the future. While these grievances included the long-simmering dispute over the expansion of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the shape of the post–Cold War security architecture in Europe, the speech centered on a much more fundamental issue: the legitimacy of Ukrainian identity and statehood themselves. On February 21, 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin gave a bizarre and at times unhinged speech laying out a long list of grievances as justification for the “special military operation” announced the following day. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine constitutes the biggest threat to peace and security in Europe since the end of the Cold War. Responding to Egregious Human Rights Abuses.Building Sustainable and Inclusive Democracy.Family Planning, Maternal and Child Health, and Immunizations.Energy, Climate Change, and Environmental Impacts.Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation.Defense Industry, Acquisition, and Innovation.Intelligence, Surveillance, and Privacy.See, for example, Barnett, Michael, “ High Politics Is Low Politics: The Domestic and Systemic Sources of Israeli Security Policy, 1967–1977,” World Politics 42 (July 1990), 529–62 CrossRef Google Scholar Eichenberg, Richard, Public Opinion and National Security in Western Europe ( Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989) CrossRef Google Scholar Evangelista, Matthew, Innovation and the Arms Race ( Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1988) Google Scholar Krell, Gert, Riistungsdynamik und Riistungskpntrolle: Die geselbchaftlichen Auscinandersetzungen um SALT in den USA 10.60–1975 ( Frankfurt am Main: Haag und Herchen, 1976) Google Scholar Lebow, Richard N., Between Peace and War ( Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981) Google Scholar Levy, Jack S., “ Domestic Politics and War,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18 (Spring 1988), 653–73 CrossRef Google Scholar Müller, Erwin, Réstungspolitik und Rüstungskpntrolle: Fall USA ( Baden-Baden: NO-mos, 1985) Google Scholar Russett, Bruce, Controlling the Sword: The Democratic Governance of National Security ( Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990) CrossRef Google Scholar and Wittkopf, Eugene, Faces of Internationalism: Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy ( Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1990). Thus, the four countries responded differently to Soviet policies during the 1980s despite more or less comparable trends in mass public opinion.ġ The paper is part of a growing body of literature.

Under the same international conditions and despite similar patterns of public attitudes, variances in foreign policy outcomes nevertheless occur these have to be explained by differences in political institutions, policy networks, and societal structures. The paper analyzes the public impact on the foreign policy-making process in four liberal democracies with distinct domestic structures: the United States, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, and Japan. However, the impact of public opinion is determined not so much by the specific issues involved or by the particular pattern of public attitudes as by the domestic structure and the coalition-building processes among the elites in the respective country. Contrary to prevailing assumptions, public opinion matters.

The paper discusses the role of public opinion in the foreign policy-making process of liberal democracies.

Foreign policy article on 4 minutes nuclear time